OBJECTIVES:
                 
1.)  To compare and contrast several common acids and bases
     using a pH meter.   
2.)  To combine these acids and bases and observe interactions/reactions in 
     aqueous solution.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:
   
1.)  Each member of your group of "Four" should bring (in a sealed container,
     no ziplock bags) one liquid acid and one liquid base."DO NOT BRING SOLIDS,
     ONLY LIQUID SAMPLES TO BE USED"!  A substance should be chosen which has a 
     label describing its ingredients or contents.  
     Minimum amount of each substance: 25 mL.
     "DO NOT BRING BLEACH OR ANY SAMPLE WHICH WILL POTENTIALLY RELEASE GASES"!   
2.)  A pH meter will be provided.  Your Professor will demonstrate its use and 
     calibration.

PROCEDURES:
   
1.)  Choose three acids and three bases to work with. Number the acids 1-3 and 
     the bases 4-6.  Using the 10 mL. beakers provided add approximatley 7 mL. 
     of each sample to a beaker.  Obtain pH readings for the six samples.  
     Save the samples for mixing in part 2.  Using your calculators complete the 
     data sheet provided determining the hydrogen ion []s.   
2.)  Using the 30 mL. beakers provided combine equal amounts of the most acidic 
     and most basic samples.  Predict the pH of the mixture by adding the two pHs
     together and simply dividing by 2.  Record the actual pH on your data sheets.
     Continue this procedure for the remaining samples moving toward neutrality.  
3.)  Choose the two examples in part 2 closest to pH 7 (neutrality).
     Start with one of the acids and add base until the pH reads approximately 7.
     Continue with one of the bases and add acid until the pH reads approximately 7.
4.)  Clean up your bench area.  Seal all acid and base samples that you brought.  
     Take them back home with you.  "DO NOT LEAVE ANY SAMPLES IN THE LABORATORY"!


                 
                                                              Name__________________      
                             LAB REPORT 1		   Section__________________		             
                              (25 POINTS)	              Date__________________
I.  DATA COLLECTION 
	

    
    A. (12 points) SAMPLES:


Sample	     Sample 		Sample	            pH              Hydrogen Ion
Number 	      Name	      Ingredients         Reading          Concentration 
   
1       _______________  _____________________ ______________ ______________________

   
2	_______________  _____________________ ______________ ______________________

   
3	_______________  _____________________ ______________ ______________________

   
4	_______________  _____________________ ______________ ______________________

   
5	_______________  _____________________ ______________ ______________________

   
6	_______________  _____________________ ______________ ______________________

   
    B. (6 points) FIRST NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS:


 
Sample #       Sample #     Predicted pH    Actual pH


________   +   ________     ____________    ____________


________   +   ________     ____________    ____________


________   +   ________     ____________    ____________

    
    C. (2 points) SECOND NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS:



Sample #     Sample #         Predicted pH   Actual pH


________   +   ________     _____7.00______  __________


________   +   ________     _____7.00______  __________

 
II. (5 TOTAL POINTS) OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:


    
    How close were your predictions with the actual outcomes concerning pH readings.










    Can you offer any explanations why the predictions were not accurate?