//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// File: StandardFunctions.h

// Author: Scott Badman

// Location: Parkland College, CSC 125

//

// Purpose: Summary of "Standard" formats for common class functions

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class OtherClass; // Forward declaration for conversion constructor below

// Needed only as an example.

class MyClass {

public:

// Default Constructor - initializes arrays. Always write and initialize all

// instance variables if you are planning on using arrays or allowing a simple

// Myclass anObject; creation of an instance or your class.

MyClass();

// "The Big Three" – (“The Big Four” if you include the default constructor above)

// If you create one of them, you should create all them.

// Normally needed if you have a pointer as a data member, or you control

// some system resource such as a locked file or a semaphore.

MyClass(const MyClass&); // Copy Constructor

~MyClass(); // Destructor

MyClass& operator=(const MyClass&); // Assignment operator, notice reference

// return value

// Conversion Constructors - be careful of promotion conflicts.

MyClass(int); // also MyClass(long), MyClass(float), etc.

MyClass(const OtherClass&); // From a different class

// casts - be careful, can also cause promotion conflicts.

// Notice there is no return type, although the function must have a return that matches

// the datatype in the function name.

operator int(); // also operator long(); operator float(); etc.

// Input and Output.

friend ostream& operator<< (ostream&, const MyClass&); // this one

// function works for both cout and ofstream

friend istream& operator>> (istream&, MyClass&); // works for cin and files

// Most common unary operator overloads, defined as member functions

MyClass operator-(); // should NOT change any value in this object

MyClass operator++(); // pre-increment -- SHOULD change this object

MyClass operator++(int); // post-increment -- see special case code in .CPP

MyClass operator--(); // pre-increment

MyClass operator--(int); // post-increment -- see special case for ++ below

MyClass operator+(); // for completeness, usually does nothing

// Most common binary operator overloads, defined as friend functions.

// These friend functions have complete access to all of this object's data

friend MyClass operator+(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend MyClass operator-(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend MyClass operator*(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend MyClass operator/(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend MyClass operator%(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

// If you overload the binary operators above, and you overload =, then

// you should overload the following to have similar meaning.

// Notice these return a reference to your object, not a copy.

MyClass& operator+=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator-=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator*=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator/=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator%=(const MyClass&);

// Logical overloads - notice return type of bool.

friend bool operator<(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend bool operator<=(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend bool operator>(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend bool operator>=(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend bool operator==(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend bool operator!=(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

// The following logical operators usually take only bools on both sides, and

// usually will not have logical meaning for objects

friend bool operator&&(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

friend bool operator||(const MyClass&, const MyClass&);

// The not operator, !, is often used return whether the object is properly

// initialized or not.

bool operator!(); // unary member function. Should NOT change the object.

// LESS COMMONLY OVERLOADED OPERATORS

// Overloading the subscript operator, pointer dereference, etc.

// Note: pointers and arrays will work well with your new class without any

// special overloaded definitions for [], *, ->, etc.

// Overload these operators only if you want to SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGE

// their normal meaning and use.

// Notice that they return a reference to your class, not a copy of it.

MyClass& operator[](int); // the int parameter becomes the index inside []

MyClass& operator*();

MyClass* operator->(); // returns a pointer

MyClass* operator&(); // unary address of operator, returns pointer

// Memory allocation - REALLY know what you are doing if you redefine these

void* operator new(size_t);

void operator delete(void*, size_t);

// Very rarely overloaded operators, mostly for bit manipulation

MyClass operator~();

friend MyClass operator&(const MyClass& left, const MyClass& right);

friend MyClass operator|(const MyClass& left, const MyClass& right);

friend MyClass operator^(const MyClass& left, const MyClass& right);

friend MyClass operator->*(const MyClass& left, const MyClass& right);

MyClass& operator>>=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator<<=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator&=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator|=(const MyClass&);

MyClass& operator^=(const MyClass&);

// CANNOT BE OVERLOADED

// :: scope resolution operator

// . class or struct membership operator

// .* class or stuuct member pointer dereference operator

// ?: ternary if - then operator

// sizeof operator

private:

int mValue; // typical private value, included only for the comments in the C file

}; // class MyClass